Perplexity of n-Gram and Dependency Language Models

Language models (LMs) are essential components of many applications such as speech recognition or machine translation. LMs factorize the probability of a string of words into a product of P(wi |hi ), where hi is the context (history) of word wi . Most LMs use previous words as the context. The paper presents two alternative approaches: post-ngram LMs (which use following words as context) and dependency LMs (which exploit dependency structure of a sentence and can use e.g. the governing word as context). Dependency LMs could be useful whenever a topology of a dependency tree is available, but its lexical labels are unknown, e.g. in tree-to-tree machine translation. In comparison with baseline interpolated trigram LM both of the approaches achieve significantly lower perplexity for all seven tested languages (Arabic, Catalan, Czech, English, Hungarian, Italian, Turkish).